試驗溫濕度
金(jin)屬腐蝕的臨(lin)界相對濕度大約為(wei)70%。當相(xiang)對濕度(du)(du)達到或超過這個臨界濕度(du)(du)時,鹽(yan)將潮(chao)解而形成導電(dian)(dian)(dian)性能良好的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液。當相(xiang)對濕度(du)(du)降(jiang)低,鹽(yan)溶液濃度(du)(du)將增加直至析出結晶鹽(yan),腐(fu)蝕(shi)速度(du)(du)相(xiang)應降(jiang)低。溫(wen)度(du)(du)升(sheng)高(gao),分子(zi)運動加劇(ju),高(gao)鹽(yan)霧(wu)腐(fu)蝕(shi)速度(du)(du)越快。國(guo)際電(dian)(dian)(dian)工委(wei)員會指(zhi)出:溫(wen)度(du)(du)每升(sheng)高(gao)10℃,腐(fu)蝕(shi)速度(du)(du)提高(gao)2~3倍,電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質的(de)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)率增加10~20%。對于中性鹽(yan)霧(wu)試(shi)驗,一般認(ren)為試(shi)驗溫(wen)度(du)(du)選在35℃較為恰當。
溶液(ye)的濃度
濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)在5%以下(xia)(xia)(xia)時,鋼、鎳、黃(huang)銅的(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)速(su)度(du)(du)(du)隨濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)而(er)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia);當濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)大于5%時,這(zhe)些金屬的(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)速(su)度(du)(du)(du)卻隨著濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)而(er)下(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)。這(zhe)是因(yin)為,在低濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)范圍內,氧(yang)含量(liang)隨鹽(yan)(yan)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)而(er)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia);當鹽(yan)(yan)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)到(dao)5%時,氧(yang)含量(liang)達到(dao)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)的(de)(de)飽和,如果鹽(yan)(yan)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)繼(ji)續增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia),氧(yang)含量(liang)則相(xiang)應下(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)。氧(yang)含量(liang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang),氧(yang)的(de)(de)去(qu)極化能(neng)力也下(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)即腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)作用減弱。對(dui)(dui)于鋅、鎘、銅等金屬,腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)速(su)度(du)(du)(du)卻始終隨著鹽(yan)(yan)溶液濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)而(er)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)。
樣(yang)品的放置角度
鹽(yan)霧的沉(chen)降(jiang)方(fang)向是(shi)接近垂(chui)直(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)向的,樣品水平(ping)放(fang)置時(shi),它(ta)的投(tou)影面(mian)積大,樣品表面(mian)承(cheng)受的鹽(yan)霧量(liang)也多,因(yin)此腐(fu)蝕嚴(yan)重(zhong)。研究結(jie)果(guo)表明:鋼板(ban)與水平(ping)線(xian)成45度角時(shi),每平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)的腐(fu)蝕失(shi)重(zhong)量(liang)為250 g,鋼板(ban)平(ping)面(mian)與垂(chui)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)平(ping)行時(shi),腐(fu)蝕失(shi)重(zhong)量(liang)為每平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)140 g。GB/T 2423.17-93標準規定:平(ping)板(ban)狀樣品的放(fang)置方(fang)法(fa),應該使受試(shi)面(mian)與垂(chui)直(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)向成30度角。
PH值
pH值(zhi)越低,溶(rong)液中(zhong)氫離(li)子濃度越高,酸性越強(qiang)腐蝕性也(ye)越強(qiang)。中(zhong)性鹽(yan)霧(wu)試(shi)驗(yan)(NSS) pH值(zhi)為(wei)6.5~7.2。由于受到環境因素的(de)影響,鹽(yan)溶(rong)液的(de)pH值(zhi)會發生變(bian)化(hua)。為(wei)此國(guo)內外(wai)的(de)鹽(yan)霧(wu)試(shi)驗(yan)標(biao)準對鹽(yan)溶(rong)液的(de)pH值(zhi)范圍都作(zuo)了規定,并(bing)提出(chu)穩定試(shi)驗(yan)過(guo)程中(zhong)鹽(yan)溶(rong)液pH值(zhi)的(de)辦法,以(yi)提高鹽(yan)霧(wu)試(shi)驗(yan)結果的(de)重現性。
噴霧方式
鹽霧顆(ke)粒越細,所形成的表(biao)面積越大,被吸附的氧量越多,腐(fu)蝕性也越強(qiang)。傳統(tong)的噴霧方法(fa)包括氣(qi)壓噴射法(fa)和噴塔法(fa),南(nan)京(jing)環科(ke)試驗(yan)設備采用的(de)是常規的(de)塔式噴霧的(de)方法。當然不(bu)同的(de)噴霧方法對鹽溶液的(de)pH值也會(hui)產生影(ying)響(xiang),對腐蝕強度也會(hui)有影(ying)響(xiang)。
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